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Exerc Sci > Volume 29(4); 2020 > Article
Baek, Lee, Jeon, Yoo, Park, Moon, and Kim: Effects of Exercise on Physical Fitness and Strength According to the Frailty Level of Female Elderly with Hypertension

Abstracts

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise on physical fitness and strength according to their frailty level of the hypertensive female elderly aged over 65.

Methods

Female elderly subjects (>65 year) with hypertension (n=90) were classified according to their level of frailty (Fr_), and were divided into control group (Ctrl) and exercise group (Ex). Hypertensive female elderly in exercise groups were subjected to 8-week combined exercise of aerobic (stretching and walking) and resistance (elastic band and weight training) exercise twice per week (50 minutes×2 times×8 weeks). Body composition, functional fitness and skeletal muscle strength were evaluated as main variables (Ctrl, n=27; Ex, n=23; Fr_Ctrl, n=17; Fr_Ex, n=23).

Results

Body composition, blood pressure, fasting glucose level (include hemoglobin A1c) and blood lipid profile did not interact with the exercise intervention and frailty level. Records of 30-second chair stretch test, two-minute walk test and arm curl increased after exercise intervention regardless of frailty level. The strength of quadriceps femoris increased after exercise intervention regardless of the level of frailty. However, the strength of biceps femoris (p<.001), biceps brachii (p<.05) and triceps brachii (p<.001) was significantly increased in the Fr_Ex compared to pre-intervention of exercise.

Conclusions

The classification according to the level of frailty in hypertensive female elderly can have a significant effect on the degree of muscle strength improvement by exercise intervention. In addition, this study newly discovered that the improvement of 30-s chair stretch test record in the hypertensive elderly women appeared faster than the improvement of the rapid-gait test record independently of the level of frailty.

INTRODUCTION

Despite the fact that the incidence of hypertension at a certain age has little changed, the number of elderly hypertensive patients is increasing exponentially due to the aging of the population [1]. According to observational data form Framingham study, the lifetime risk of developing hypertension between 55 and 65 years of age is greater than 90% [2]. Hence, the ever-increasing number of elderly people ultimately leads to an increase in hypertensive population. Since most of the elderly are at high risk of hypertension, it is thought that the exclusion of healthy elderly subject without hypertension from the study subjects in clinical studies reflects the characteristics of the elderly population group well. In particular, the inclusion of non-hypertensive elderly subjects in the study in exercise-related studies can be cause to underestimation the degree of improvement of specific physical factors after exercise-intervention. The prevalence of hypertension in Korea is higher in men than in women before age 60, but after age 60, women have a higher prevalence than men, and the difference increases with age [3]. Therefore, the population group most susceptible to hypertension in Korea is the elderly women. In summary, excluding healthy subjects without hypertension and male subjects among elderly 65 years or older may be the minimum criterion for screening the most vulnerable population in the elderly.
As mentioned above, the most vulnerable population in the elderly is female hypertensive patients. Therefore, exercise intervention studies targeting female hypertension patients are still being actively conducted [46]. Nevertheless, there has been no study in which elderly women with hypertension were classified according to frailty criteria and exercise intervention was conducted. If the difference in exercise intervention in elderly women with hypertension varies according to the level of frailty, additional considerations in exercise intervention studies can be suggested. It is assumed that the elderly women with hypertension as the subject of the study are the weakest population in terms of physical fitness. However, elderly women with hypertension may also have different level of frailty. If there is a difference when exercise intervention is performed in consideration of the additional classification of hypertensive females according female elderly according to their level of frailty, it can be a good basis for suggesting important considerations when exercise pre-scriptions are required for the elderly with hypertension. In addition, the analysis of blood pressure (BP), blood lipid profiles, fasting glucose level and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were also conducted to examine whether the change in physical fitness and strength according to the level of frailty in the elderly women with hypertension could be caused by the pre-ceding change of other physiological factors. BP, blood lipid profiles, fasting glucose level and HbA1c analysis were also aimed at providing feedback to all participants on whether or not positive changes in hypertension, insulin resistance, and blood lipid profiles were caused by exercise intervention.
We hypothesized that even in elderly women with hypertension, differences in physical fitness factors after exercise intervention would be evident according to the level of frailty. The purpose of this study was to classify the elderly women with hypertension according to their level of frailty, then performed exercise intervention and check whether physical fitness differ according to the level of frailty.

METHODS

1. Participants

Participants responded to advertisement through a local public health center and were screened by phone or consultation in person. All candi-dates who visited the local public healthcare center had their BP measured, and a frailty-related physical fitness test (rapid-gait test, RGT; 30-s sitting and standing up in a hardback chair, 30-s CST) was performed [7]. Most of the women who participated in the study had BP of 140 mmHg or more in systolic or 90 mmHg in diastolic BP [8], and very few non-hypertensive subjects were excluded from the study. If the RGT record was more than 10 seconds or the number of repetitions of 30-s CST was 0, the patient was identified as a frailty person. According to the aforementioned criterion for determining frailty, it was classified into normal and frailty (Fr_), and subjects to perform to the exercise (Ex) were assigned randomly (Ctrl, n=27; Ex, n=23, Fr_Ctrl, n=17, Fr_Ex, n=23). Body composition, functional fitness test, strength, BP, fasting glucose level, and HbA1c were measured before and after exercise intervention, respectively, and data were collected. The collected data was statistically analyzed. The characteristics of the study subjects are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Subject characteristics
  Ctrl (n = 27) Ex (n = 23) Fr_Ctrl (n = 17) Fr_Ex (n = 23) p value
Age (yr) 71.72±6.31 74.65±5.70 78.47±6.25 77.75±5.77 N. S.
Height (cm) 145±5.89 145.47±5.60 150.77±5.35 147.67±5.52 N. S.
Body weight (kg) 56.50±7.85 55.80±5.17 51.43±12.46 54.42±7.25 N. S.
Body mass index (kg/m2) 25.77±2.65 23.94±2.10 22.54±4.94 24.64±3.36 N. S.
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 136.00±17.01 132.05±12.46 139.63 ± 18.41 129.58±12.29 N. S.
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 79.62±10.17 78.19±9.06 80.06±9.90 76.67 ±9.12 N. S.
All participants were over 65 years old and were non-smokers with no history of coronary artery disease (Fig. 1). All participants provided written consent after being provided with sufficient information about the study objectives, procedures and risks. They were asked to maintain their current lifestyle for an eight-week intervention period. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gyeongsang National University Hospital (IRB No. GNUH 2015-02-001).
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Summary of study flow.
es-29-4-368f1.jpg

2. Study methods and exercise training protocols

8-weeks combined exercise was carried out twice per week, with each session consisting of 50 minutes according to our laboratory exercise protocol. The perception of exercise was monitored verbally on every session with the use of the Borg’ s rating of perceived exertion scale. Participants were allowed to pause or skip a set of exercises if they felt a sense of intense fatigue. Participants in the Ctrl and Fr_Ctrl were asked to maintain their current lifestyle during the experimental period. Before and after the exercise intervention, body compositions were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (Inbody 420, InBody Co., Ltd, Cheonan, Korea). Combined exercise consisted of 5-10 minutes of preparation exercise including stretching, 30-40 minutes of aerobic exercise such as walking on the ground, 30–40 minutes of resistance exercise using a slave band and 5–10 minutes of exercise training. In the case of resistive exercise, the upper body mainly used elastic band, while the lower body focused on the body movement. The detailed contents of the combined exercise program are shown in Table 2. To ensure safety, certified physicians supervised all exercise sessions.
Table 2.
A combined exercise program conducted by female elderly with hypertension in this study
Components Detailed program Reps or time of detailed program No. of set repetitions Time of program
Warm-up Stretching All joint Each 10 sec 1 rep 5 min
Aerobic exercise Walk in place 1–2 min 5–10 reps 10 min
Resistance exercise (elastic band) Shoulder press
Front raise
Bent-over lateral raise
Kickback
Arm curl
Overhead triceps extension
Bent-over row
Seated row
1–4 week: 15–20 reps
5–8 week: 15–30 reps
3–5 reps 20–30 min
Resistance exercise (calisthenics) Squat
Wide-stance squat
Half lunge
Donkey kicks
Hip extension
Standing calf raises
Toe raises
Wall push ups
1–4 week: 10–15 reps
5–8 week: 15–20 reps
3–5 reps 20–30 min
Cool-down Stretching All joint Each 20 sec 1–3 reps 5–10 min

3. Functional fitness test

We measured the functional fitness by using a very slightly self-modi-fied senior fitness test [9]. Measurement and evaluation items methods were organized as follows. 1) The rapid-gait test (also known as 8-foot up and go). For measuring agility and dynamic balance. Start by sitting on a hard back chair and return as soon as possible along the 3 m course walk to sit in the chair where the subject started. 2) 30-s CST. Lower body strength was measured the number of repetitions of chair sit and stands for 30-s. 3) Arm curl. The upper body strength were measured on both arms. When the elbows is fully extended, bending up to 90°. While sitting chair, repeat with 2 kg dumbbell for 30-s with maximum effort. 4) The two-minute walk test. Which measures endurance, measures the number of repetitions the knee reaches the midpoint between the patella and the iliac crest when a 2-minute walk is performed. 5) Chair stretch test (chair sit and reach). Sitting on a chair measuring the flexibility of the lower leg, sits at the edge of the chair and stretches subjects leg without bending knees, allowing hands to slowly cling to toes. At this time the distance between fingertips and toes (both right and left legs). 6) Back scratch. Back scratching was performed to measure the flexibility of the upper limb. The subject did their best to bring the fingertips of both hands closest on the back. At this time, the distance between both fingers was measured. To ensure safety, certified physicians supervised all exercise sessions.

4. Measurement of muscular strength

The strength of skeletal muscles were measured by dynamometer (Micro FET2, Hoggan Scientific, Salt Lake City, UT, USA). The reliability and reproducibility of this device have been tested in previous studies [10,11]. Muscular strength measurements were expressed as kilogram-force (kg · f). We measured the quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, biceps brachii and triceps brachii. All participants were instructed to sit with their legs suspended over the end of an examination table. Hips and knees were flexed to 90° before the measurement. The height of the examination table was modified based on the participant’ s leg length to produce a distance of 10 cm between the feet and the floor. They were instructed to hold the side-edges of the examination table with their hands. After several trials with <50% force as a warm-up, they were asked to carry out a maximal isometric voluntary contraction for 5 s. For each test, participants carried out three isometric maximal voluntary contractions. A 1-min recovery period was provided to participants between each bout of contraction. Grip strength was measured with a digital grip strength dynamometer (TKK-5401, Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd, Niigata, Japan). During the assessment, participants were asked to stand upright with their feet hip-width apart and to look forward with the elbow fully extended. The dynamometer was held by the testing hand in a neutral, comfortable position (not flexed or extended) with 90° flexion at the index finger. Participants performed two trials for dominant hand. Participants were instructed to squeeze the grip contin-uously with full force for at least 3 seconds. The time between each trail was approximately 60 seconds. Among the measure results, a higher hand grip force (kg · f) was recorded [12].

5. Measurement of blood pressure, fasting glucose level and blood lipid profile

BP, fasting glucose level, and HbA1c were measured and analyzed by registered physician and health care provider in accordance with the public health center’ s own regulations. Blood was taken using blood sampling rod from the fingertip to analyze total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. The collected blood was dropped on an analysis cassette and then inserted into a blood analyzer (cholesterol LDX®, Hayward, CA, USA) to analyze the blood lipid profiles.

6. Statistical analysis

It was confirmed that there was no difference between the groups before exercise intervention by performing a one-way ANOVA. Post-hoc test was performed by Tukey’ s multiple comparison test. Two-way ANOVA was performed for all measurement variables to determine whether there was an interaction between the intervention period and the group, and additionally, a multiple t-test was performed to confirm statistically significant differences. Post-hoc test was performed by Sidak’ s multiple comparisons test. GraphPad Prism (Version 8.3.0, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA) was used for all statistical analysis and plotting graph. The results were considered significant at p <.05.

RESULTS

1. Body composition

There were no significant differences in body mass index, waist to hip ratio, body fat mass, percentage body fat and skeletal muscle mass (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Body composition of pre- and post-exercise intervention in hypertensive female elderly. Data are presented mean±standard deviation (SD). N. S.=no significant difference. W/H=waist circumference/hip circumference.
es-29-4-368f2.jpg

2. Fitness level

The number of repetitions of 30-s CST significantly increased after exercise intervention in both Ex (pre vs. post, p <.01) and Fr_Ex (pre- vs. post, p <.0001) (Fig. 3B). Two-minute walk test records significantly increased after exercise intervention in both Ex (pre vs. post, p <.0001) and Fr_Ex (pre vs. post, p <.0001) compared to before (Fig. 3D). The number of repetitions of arm curl increased after exercise intervention in both Ex (pre vs. post, p <.0001) and Fr_Ex (pre vs. post, p <.0001) compared to before exercise intervention (Fig. 3E). In the RGT, chair stretch test, back scratch test there was no interaction between frailty and intervention, and there was no significant difference pre- and post-intervention (Fig. 3A, C, and F).
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Functional fitness of pre- and post-exercise intervention in hypertensive female elderly. Data are presented mean±SD. N. S.=no significant difference. ** p<.01 and ** p<.0001, pre vs. post.
es-29-4-368f3.jpg

3. Muscular strength

The quadriceps femoris strength increased significantly after exercise intervention in both Ex (pre vs. post, p <.01) and Fr_Ex (pre vs. post, p <.001) compared to before exercise intervention (Fig. 4A). However, the strength of biceps femoris, biceps brachii and triceps brachii increased after exercise intervention compared to before exercise intervention only in Fr_Ex (biceps femoris, p <.001; biceps brachii, p <.05; triceps brachii, p <.0001) (Fig. 4B, C, and D). Grip strength had no interaction between exercise intervention and frailty level (Fig. 4E).
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Muscular strength of pre- and post-exercise intervention in hypertensive female elderly. Data are presented mean±SD. N. S.=no significant difference. * p<.05, ** p<.01 and *** p<.001, pre vs. post.
es-29-4-368f4.jpg

4. Blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid profile

There was no significant difference in BP, fasting blood glucose level (including HbA1c) and blood lipid profile before and after intervention (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level and blood lipid profile of pre- and post-exercise intervention in hypertensive female elderly. Data are presented mean±SD. N. S.=no significant difference. LDL=low-density lipoprotein. HDL=high-density lipoprotein.
es-29-4-368f5.jpg

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the classification by frailty level of elderly women with hypertension, the most vulnerable population group to health, could have an important influence on exercise intervention studies. We tried to determine whether an exercise prescription or exercise program should be designed after additionally classifying elderly women with hypertension by frailty level through the results of this study.
Body composition, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level (include HbA1c) and blood lipid profile in this study did not change even though exercise intervention was performed in elderly women with hypertension. The main reason these results appeared may be that the obesity was not set as a criterion for classifying the subjects in each group, and also all subjects had no history of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Therefore, factors other than BP in elderly women with hypertension did not show significant improvement by exercise, but could be inter-preted as maintaining normal ranges.
Since the exercise-induced energy expenditure and food intake were not measured, there is no data can clearly determine why body weight or body composition did not change. There is no data that can confirm the cause of this results because exercise-induced energy expenditure and food intake was not measured. However, it can be difficult to induce weight loss, reduce blood pressure, reduce fasting blood glucose levels and blood lipid profiles because diet restrictions are not applied. These interpretations and judgments are based on research results that show that exercise does not have the effect of pure weight loss without dietary restrictions [13,14]. In other words, it means that exercising with dietary restrictions can help to lose weight. This is supported by the result that significantly weight loss was induced by dietary restriction during 8-week exercise intervention in obese women [14].
Although our study did not significantly decrease or improvement in BP, fasting blood glucose level and blood lipid profile, these results do not mean that body composition and various obesity related factors cannot be improved in elderly women with hypertension. Several studies have confirmed that exercise can decrease BP [1517], fasting blood glucose level [18] and improve blood lipid profile [19]. Also, apart from this, exercise itself is an important factor that can improve the quality of life of the elderly [20]. However, the exercise program in this study did not induce improvement of several factors. What can be clearly stated based on our research data is that there is no interaction between exercise and frailty levels on BP and fasting blood glucose levels.
We have identified interesting findings (Fig. 3A and B). In a study of non-hypertensive elderly people over 75 years, the RGT record improved within a short period compared to 30-s CST, and the improvement was also greater [21]. However, in our study results, it was confirmed that the 30-s CST record increased significantly after exercise intervention compared to before exercise intervention regardless of the level of frailty (Ex, p <.01; Fr_Ex, p <.0001). These results is interesting because RGT and 30-s CST are important tools for frailty diagnosis. RGT is a tool to analyze agility and dynamic balance, and 30-s CST is a tool to indicate lower body strength and muscular endurance. Therefore, it is thought that in elderly women with hypertension, the lower body muscle strength and muscular endurance relatively early improve after exercise intervention than agility and dynamic balance improve. We estimated several reasons for the improvement of RGT and 30-s CST and different results in the elderly women with hypertension in this study, unlike previous study. We pondered why the improvement of RGT and 30-s CST appeared in this study differently from previous study. In the case of hypertensive female elderly, it is difficult to improve agility and dynamic balance through exercise compared to non-hypertensive elderly. The reason for this is considered to be that the level of agility and dynamic balance, which are skill-related physical fitness, is very closely related to aging in the elderly women with hypertension compared to the normal elderly. These speculations can be more clearly demonstrated only by comparing them with the subjects of this study in elderly women without hypertension. However, we analyzed the correlation between RGT (Fig. 6A), 30-s CST (Fig. 6B) and two-minute walk test (Fig. 6C) records of this study and age as a second best practice. In the statistical analysis results, it was judged that the higher the correlation with age, the lower the level of physical fitness components related to each physical fitness test. As a results, it was confirmed that the correlation between RGT (p <.0001) records and age was much greater than that of the 30-s CST (p <.05), the arm curl repetitions (p <.05) and the two-minute walk test (p <.05) (Fig. 6). Therefore, it was judged that the agility and dynamic balance of the subjects of this study were very low. Also, since the correlation with age is very high, it was judged as a physical fitness components that is difficult to improve independently of age. From the results of the chair stretch test and back scratch test, flexibility also seems to be a difficult factor to improve through exercise for elderly women with hypertension, such as agility and dynamic balance (Fig. 3C and F).
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
Correlation between age and our frailty test record and some senior fitness test record. * p<.05 and **** p<.0001, age×variable. r=Pearson's correlation coefficient.
es-29-4-368f6.jpg
In elderly women with hypertension, quadriceps femoris strength improved after exercise intervention regardless of the level of frailty (Fig. 4A). The muscle strength of quadriceps femoris increased significantly after exercise intervention regardless of the level of frailty, but the difference between pre- and post-intervention was statistically clear in Fr_Ex (p =.000183) compared Ex (p =.003208). The muscle strength of biceps femoris, biceps brachii and triceps brachii was significantly improved after exercise intervention in only Fr_Ex compared to before exercise intervention (Fig. 3B, C, and D). These results show that the effect of exercise for elderly women with hypertension has different effects on muscle strength depending on the level of frailty. In particular, the statistical difference more clearly in posterior muscles than anterior muscles (biceps brachii vs. triceps brachii in Fr_Ex, p <.05 vs. p <.001; quadriceps femoris, Ex vs. Fr_Ex, p <.01 vs. p <.001; quadriceps femoris in Fr_Ex, p <.0001). Taken together, it is possible to speculate that among the elderly women with hypertension, the frailty subjects have a lot of weak-ened lower- and upper-limb muscle, and especially the posterior muscles. In any case, the classification of the level of frailty in hypertensive elderly women causes a significant difference in the results of exercise intervention.

CONCLUSION

The additional classification according to the level of frailty in hypertensive female elderly can have a significant effect on the degree of muscle strength improvement by exercise intervention. In addition, this study newly discovered that the improvement of 30-s CST record in the hypertensive elderly women appeared faster than the improvement of the RGT record independently of the level of frailty.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they do not have conflict of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: J Yoo, JS Kim; Data curation: K Baek, MC Lee, T Jeon; Formal analysis: K Baek, MC Lee, T Jeon; Funding acquisition: J Yoo, JS Park; Methodology: T Jeon, HY Moon; Project administration: T Jeon, JS Kim; Visualization: K Baek, MC Lee; Writing-original draft: K Baek, MC Lee, JS Kim; Writing-review&editing: K Baek, J Yoo, JS Park, HY Moon, JS Kim.

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